Context:
Researchers from Kashmir University, in collaboration with ICAR, have successfully produced India’s first gene-edited sheep.
Gene-Edited Sheep in India
- India’s first gene-edited sheep developed using CRISPR-Cas9 technology.
- CRISPR-Cas9 works on a cut-and-paste mechanism for DNA strands.
- 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry awarded for the discovery of CRISPR-Cas9.
- Sponsored by – Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)
Myostatin Gene Editing
- Myostatin gene edited in a lamb, leading to 30% increased muscle growth.
- Similar trait found in European breeds like the Texel, but absent in Indian breeds.
- No foreign DNA added, distinguishing it from transgenic animals.
- Technique ensures efficiency, safety, and potential acceptance by regulators and consumers.
Previous Gene-Editing Research
- Researchers at National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI) developed a gene-edited buffalo embryo.
- The first cloned Pashmina goat, Noori, was developed in 2012, survived for 11 years, and produced seven kids.
Gene Editing
- Gene editing refers to the precise modification of an organism’s DNA.
- The process allows scientists to add, remove, or alter genes for targeted genetic changes.
- Tools Used in Gene Editing: CRISPR-Cas9, TALENS, Zinc Finger Nucleases
Types of Gene Editing
A. Somatic Cell Editing (Non-Heritable)
- Targets body cells (e.g., skin, liver).
- Affects only the treated individual.
- Changes do not pass to offspring.
- Used for treating cancers and genetic disorders (e.g., sickle cell anemia).
B. Germline Cell Editing (Heritable)
- Affects every cell in the resulting individual.
- Changes are inherited by future generations.
- Used for preventing inherited diseases (currently experimental).
Comparison: Somatic vs. Germline Editing
| Aspect | Somatic Editing | Germline Editing |
| Cell Type | Body (non-reproductive) cells | Reproductive cells or embryo |
| Heritability | Not heritable | Heritable |
| Scope of Impact | Localized (specific organs) | Whole organism & descendants |
| Ethical Concerns | Fewer | High |
| Clinical Use | Active in trials | Mostly restricted/experimental |
Why Gene Editing Matters
- Holds immense potential for curing diseases and improving agriculture.
- However, ethics and safety must guide advancements in the field.
Source: Indian Express
Previous Year Question
What is Cas9 protein that is often mentioned in news?
[UPSC Civil Services Exam – 2019 Prelims]
(a) A molecular scissors used in targeted gene editing
(b) A biosensor used in the accurate detection of pathogens in patients
(c) A gene that makes plants pest-resistant
(d) A herbicidal substance synthesized in genetically modified crops
Answer: (a)
