Context:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has published the International Migration Outlook 2023, a report that examines global migration patterns and trends.
- This edition focuses on labour market integration of migrant mothers and on fertility patterns among migrant populations in OECD countries.
Key findings:
- India – Top country of origin of new citizens in OECD countries in 2021 with 4 lakh new migrants (excluding students).
- Permanent-type migration to OECD countries: Reached a record level (6 million) in 2022.
- Driven by family migration followed by managed labour migration and free mobility.
- Highest number of refugees from Ukraine: Germany, Poland and U.S
Focus Area Findings:
- Immigrant mothers face disproportionate disadvantage, both compared with immigrant women without children and vis-àvis their native-born peers.
- While migrant women tend to have more children than their native-born peers, their total fertility rate is still below the replacement rate (2.1 children per woman) in most OECD countries.
- Gap in employment rates between immigrant and native-born mothers is 20 percent.
- Individual preferences and cultural factors are main barriers to maternal employment.
- Migrant mothers are often trapped in inactivity due to childcare responsibilities.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD):
- Originally formed as Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC)
- To administer American and Canadian aid under Marshall Plan.
- Transformed into OECD in 1961.
- Headquarters – Paris, France
- An international organization which brings together Member countries and a range of partners that collaborate on key global issues at national, regional and local levels.
- Members – 38 countries including USA, Mexico, Australia, Canada, France, Japan, UK.
- India is not a member.
- Role: OECD countries and partners represent about 80% of world trade and investment.
Source: Down to Earth
Previous Year Question
Consider the following statements:
Statement-I: According to the United Nations’ World Water Development Report, 2022, India extracts more than a quarter of the world’s groundwater withdrawal each year.
Statement-II: India needs to extract more than a quarter of the world’s groundwater each year to satisfy the drinking water and sanitation needs of almost 18% of world’s population living in its territory.
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?
[UPSC Civil Services Exam – 2023 Prelims]
(a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I
(b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I
(c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-ll is incorrect
(d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-ll is correct
Answer: (c)
Explanation:
About 89% of this groundwater is used in India for irrigation. Hence, Statement 2 is not correct.
