Q. Comment on the National Wetland Conservation Programme initiated by the Government of India and name a few India’s wetlands of international importance included in the Ramsar Sites. (250 words, 15 Marks)
Why the Question?
UPSC PYQ – CSE Mains – 2023
Keywords of the Question
- National Wetland Conservation Programme
- India’s wetlands of international importance
- Ramsar Sites
Directive Word
Comment – Pick out the main points on a subject and give your opinion, reinforcing your point of view using logic and reference to relevant evidence, including any wider reading you have done.
How to approach this Question?
Introduction
- Briefly introduce the National Wetland Conservation Programme (NWCP).
- Mention its initiation year and primary objectives.
Body
- Key Features of NWCP:
- Outline the main components and strategies of the programme.
- Highlight any significant achievements or milestones.
- Importance of Wetlands:
- Discuss the ecological, economic, and social significance of wetlands.
- Mention their role in biodiversity conservation, climate regulation, and supporting livelihoods.
- Ramsar Sites in India:
- Define Ramsar Sites and their criteria for selection.
- List a few notable Ramsar Sites in India, such as:
- Keoladeo National Park
- Chilika Lake
- Sundarbans
- Loktak Lake
- Wular Lake
Conclusion
- Summarize the impact of NWCP on wetland conservation in India.
- Emphasize the need for continued efforts and international cooperation to protect these vital ecosystems.
Note: Please note that the following ‘answers’ are not ‘model answers’ nor are they synopses in the strictest sense. Instead, they are content designed to meet the demands of the question while providing comprehensive coverage of the topic.
Answer Key
Introduction
The National Wetland Conservation Programme (NWCP) was initiated by the Government of India in 1987. Its primary objectives are to conserve and manage wetlands of national importance, recognizing their vital ecological functions and multiple benefits, such as water purification, flood control, and biodiversity maintenance.
Body
Key Features of NWCP
- Components and Strategies: The NWCP includes identification and survey of wetlands, formulation and implementation of management plans, and capacity building at local, state, and national levels. It also emphasizes community participation and sustainable management practices.
- Awareness Programs:
- Public awareness campaigns like “Wetlands for All” have been critical.
- World Wetlands Day is celebrated with educational activities at Sundarbans, the world’s largest mangrove forest.
- Biodiversity Conservation:
- Measures are taken to conserve the diverse life forms inhabiting the wetlands.
- The Asan Conservation Reserve in Uttarakhand is a prime example, where efforts to conserve local bird species have been successful.
- Monitoring and Assessment:
- Technology like satellite imagery is used for monitoring wetlands.
- The health of Vembanad Kol Wetland in Kerala is periodically assessed using remote sensing data.
- Policy Framework:
- The Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules were formulated to govern the use and conservation of wetlands.
- These rules have been employed to regulate activities around the Bhitarkanika Mangroves in Odisha.
- Achievements: Significant milestones include the restoration of several degraded wetlands and the enhancement of local community involvement in wetland management.
Importance of Wetlands
- Ecological Significance: Wetlands are crucial for biodiversity conservation, providing habitat for numerous species of flora and fauna. They play a key role in climate regulation by acting as carbon sinks.
- Economic and Social Significance: Wetlands support livelihoods through activities like fishing and agriculture. They also contribute to water purification and flood control, thereby protecting human settlements.
Ramsar Sites in India
- Definition and Criteria: Ramsar Sites are wetlands of international importance designated under the Ramsar Convention. Criteria for selection include the presence of rare species, unique ecosystems, and significant biodiversity.
- Notable Ramsar Sites:
- Keoladeo National Park: Known for its rich avian diversity.
- Chilika Lake: Asia’s largest brackish water lagoon.
- Sundarbans: The largest mangrove forest in the world.
- Loktak Lake: Famous for its floating phumdis.
- Wular Lake: One of the largest freshwater lakes in Asia.
Conclusion
The NWCP has significantly contributed to the conservation of wetlands in India, enhancing ecological health and supporting local communities. However, continued efforts and international cooperation are essential to protect these vital ecosystems from ongoing threats such as pollution and climate change.
Mind Map
