Q. Discuss the role of women in the freedom struggle especially during the Gandhian phase. (250 words, 15 marks)
Why the Question?
UPSC PYQ – CSE Mains – 2017
Keywords of the Question
- Role of women
- Freedom struggle
- Gandhian phase
Directive Word
Discuss –Essentially this is a written debate where you are using your skill at reasoning, backed up by carefully selected evidence to make a case for and against an argument, or point out the advantages and disadvantages of a given context. Remember to arrive at a conclusion.
How to approach this Question?
Introduction:
- Contextualize the Era: Begin by briefly introducing the Gandhian phase (roughly from the 1920s to the 1940s) within the broader Indian freedom struggle.
- Highlight Gandhi’s Influence: Mention Mahatma Gandhi’s pivotal role as a leader and his emphasis on non-violence, civil disobedience, and mass mobilization.
- Set the Stage: Explain that women played a crucial role during this period, contributing significantly to India’s fight for independence.
Body:
- Participation in Mass Movements:
- Discuss how women actively participated in various mass movements led by Gandhi, such as the Salt Satyagraha, Quit India Movement, and Civil Disobedience Movement.
- Highlight their involvement in protests, picketing, and boycotts.
- Mention prominent women leaders like Sarojini Naidu, Kasturba Gandhi, and Kamala Nehru.
- Role in Constructive Programs:
- Gandhi emphasized constructive work alongside political agitation. Women played a vital role in these programs.
- Talk about their contributions to khadi (handspun cloth) production, village upliftment, and sanitation campaigns.
- Women’s participation in spinning charkhas became symbolic of self-reliance and national unity.
- Challenges and Triumphs:
- Acknowledge the challenges faced by women—social norms, limited education, and patriarchal attitudes.
- Despite these obstacles, women organized themselves into groups, held meetings, and raised awareness.
- Share stories of unsung heroines who worked tirelessly at the grassroots level.
Conclusion:
- Women as Silent Warriors:
- Conclude by emphasizing that women were the silent warriors of the Gandhian phase.
- Their contributions extended beyond the visible protests and strikes—they shaped the fabric of India’s struggle for freedom.
- Legacy and Inspiration:
- Reflect on how their legacy continues to inspire generations, emphasizing the need for gender equality and empowerment.
- Conclude with a hopeful note about the ongoing journey toward a more inclusive and just society.
Note: Please note that the following ‘answers’ are not ‘model answers’ nor are they synopses in the strictest sense. Instead, they are content designed to meet the demands of the question while providing comprehensive coverage of the topic.
Answer Key
Introduction
The Gandhian phase, spanning roughly from the 1920s to the 1940s, was a critical period in India’s struggle for independence. During this time, Mahatma Gandhi emerged as a prominent leader, advocating for non-violence, civil disobedience, and mass mobilization. Mahatma Gandhi’s principles deeply influenced the freedom movement. His emphasis on satyagraha (truth force) and ahimsa (non-violence) resonated with millions. His leadership galvanized people across social strata, including women. Women played an indispensable role during the Gandhian phase, contributing significantly to India’s fight for freedom. Their participation went beyond household chores; they actively engaged in political and social movements.
Body
Participation in Mass Movements:
- Salt Satyagraha: Women participated in the famous Salt March alongside men. They marched, made salt, and faced police repression.
- Quit India Movement: Women joined protests, picketed government offices, and faced arrests. Their resilience was evident in the face of adversity.
- Civil Disobedience Movement: Women organized hartals (strikes), boycotted foreign goods, and spun khadi (handspun cloth) as a symbol of self-reliance.
Prominent Women Leaders:
- Sarojini Naidu: Known as the “Nightingale of India,” she was a poet, freedom fighter, and the first woman president of the Indian National Congress.
- Kasturba Gandhi: Gandhi’s wife, she actively participated in various movements, enduring imprisonment and hardships.
- Kamala Nehru: A committed freedom fighter, she worked alongside her husband, Jawaharlal Nehru.
Role in Constructive Programs:
Gandhi emphasized constructive work alongside political agitation:
- Khadi Production: Women spun khadi, promoting self-sufficiency and boycotting foreign textiles.
- Village Upliftment: They engaged in rural development, promoting sanitation, education, and health.
- Charkha Symbolism: Spinning charkhas became a powerful symbol of national unity and self-reliance.
Challenges and Triumphs:
- Social Norms: Women faced societal expectations that confined them to domestic roles. Breaking these norms required courage.
- Limited Education: Many women lacked formal education, yet they actively participated in meetings, rallies, and campaigns.
- Unsung Heroines: Stories abound of ordinary women who worked tirelessly at the grassroots level, organizing fellow villagers and spreading awareness.
Conclusion
Women were the backbone of the Gandhian phase. Their contributions extended beyond visible protests—they sustained the movement. Their silent resilience and unwavering commitment shaped India’s destiny. Their legacy continues to inspire generations. Women’s empowerment remains crucial for a just and inclusive society. As we celebrate their sacrifices, let us strive for a world where gender equality is not just a dream but a reality.