Q. How are the fjords formed? Why do they constitute some of the most picturesque areas of the world? (150 words, 10 Marks)
Why the Question?
UPSC PYQ – CSE Mains – 2023
Keywords of the Question
- Fjords
- Most picturesque areas of the world
Directive Word
How – When a question asks “How,” it is asking you to describe the process, method, or manner in which something happens or is done.
Why – When a question asks “Why,” it is asking you to explain the reasons or causes behind a particular event, situation, or phenomenon.
How to approach this Question?
Introduction
- Define what fjords are.
- Briefly mention their global distribution and significance.
Body
- Formation of Fjords:
- Glacial Erosion
- Isostatic Rebound
- Sea-Level Rise
- Tectonic Activity
- Reasons for Picturesque Nature:
- Unique Geological Formations
- Steep Cliffs and Deep Waters
- Lush Vegetation and Biodiversity
- Seasonal Changes and Scenic Beauty
Conclusion
- Summarize the distinctiveness and beauty of fjords.
- Highlight their vulnerability to climate change.
- Emphasize the need for conservation efforts.
Note: Please note that the following ‘answers’ are not ‘model answers’ nor are they synopses in the strictest sense. Instead, they are content designed to meet the demands of the question while providing comprehensive coverage of the topic.
Answer Key
Introduction
Fjords are long, narrow inlets with steep sides or cliffs, created by glacial activity. They are primarily found in regions that have experienced significant glaciation, such as Norway, New Zealand, Canada, and Chile. Fjords are renowned for their dramatic landscapes and are often considered some of the most beautiful natural formations in the world.
Body
Formation of Fjords:
- Glacial Erosion:
- Fjords are formed through the process of glacial erosion. During the Ice Ages, glaciers carved out deep valleys in the landscape. As these glaciers moved, they eroded the bedrock beneath them, creating U-shaped valleys.
- Example: The fjords of Norway, such as the famous Sognefjord, were formed by glaciers that carved deep valleys into the Scandinavian Peninsula.
- Isostatic Rebound:
- After the glaciers melted, the land that had been compressed by the weight of the ice began to rise, a process known as isostatic rebound. This uplift further deepened the valleys.
- Example: In Canada, the fjords along the coast of British Columbia, like the Howe Sound, have been shaped by both glacial erosion and isostatic rebound.
- Sea-Level Rise:
- As the glaciers melted, sea levels rose, flooding the deep valleys and creating fjords. The rising sea levels filled these valleys with seawater, forming the characteristic long, narrow inlets.
- Example: The fjords of New Zealand, such as Milford Sound in Fiordland National Park, were formed as rising sea levels flooded glacial valleys.
- Tectonic Activity:
- In some regions, tectonic activity has also played a role in the formation of fjords. Movements of the Earth’s crust can create fractures and faults that glaciers can exploit, further shaping the fjords.
- Example: The fjords in Chile, like the Aysén Fjord, have been influenced by both glacial activity and tectonic movements along the South American Plate.
Reasons for Picturesque Nature:
- Unique Geological Formations:
- The steep cliffs and deep waters of fjords create a striking contrast that is visually stunning. The sheer scale and dramatic topography of fjords make them unique and captivating.
- Example: The Geirangerfjord in Norway is known for its steep cliffs and numerous waterfalls, making it a UNESCO World Heritage site.
- Steep Cliffs and Deep Waters:
- The combination of steep cliffs rising directly from the water and the deep, clear waters of fjords creates a breathtaking landscape. The reflections of the cliffs in the water add to the visual appeal.
- Example: The fjords of Greenland, such as the Scoresby Sund, are some of the deepest and most dramatic, with towering cliffs and deep waters.
- Lush Vegetation and Biodiversity:
- Fjords often support rich ecosystems with diverse flora and fauna. The lush vegetation, including forests and meadows, adds to the picturesque nature of fjords.
- Example: The fjords in New Zealand’s Fiordland are surrounded by dense rainforests, home to unique species like the Fiordland penguin.
- Seasonal Changes and Scenic Beauty:
- Fjords offer stunning views throughout the year, with each season bringing its own charm. In winter, fjords can be covered in snow and ice, creating a serene and magical landscape.
- Example: The fjords of Norway, such as the Hardangerfjord, are known for their beautiful springtime fruit blossoms and winter snow-covered landscapes.
Conclusion
Fjords are remarkable natural formations created by glacial activity, isostatic rebound, sea-level rise, and tectonic processes. Their unique geological features, steep cliffs, deep waters, lush vegetation, and seasonal changes make them some of the most picturesque areas in the world. However, fjords are also vulnerable to climate change, and it is essential to implement conservation efforts to preserve their beauty and ecological significance for future generations.
Mind Map
