Syllabus
GS Paper 2 – Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests.
What does this article provide?
The article on the Hamas-Israel Ceasefire Agreement details the recent truce deal brokered by the US, Qatar, and Egypt, which includes the release of Israeli hostages and Palestinian prisoners.
Importance for UPSC CSE Exam
Understanding the geopolitical dynamics and historical contexts of global conflicts like the Israel-Palestine issue is crucial for UPSC aspirants. It helps in analyzing international relations, peace processes, and India’s diplomatic stance. This topic also offers insights into conflict resolution and the role of international organizations.
Potential Topics for Prelims
Key Features of the Ceasefire Agreement, Balfour Declaration, 1948 Arab-Israeli War, United Nations’ 1947 Partition Plan, 1967 Six-Day War, West Bank, Gaza Strip, Jerusalem, Al-Aqsa Mosque, Oslo Accords, Road Map for Peace, Golan Heights, Sinai Peninsula, Hamas, Hezbollah
Potential Topics for Mains
Historical context of the Israel-Palestine conflict, Role of international mediators in peace processes, Impacts of ceasefire agreements on regional stability, India’s position and response to Middle Eastern conflicts, Israel-Palestine Conflict and Reasons, Implications of Ceasefire on India
Source
The Hindu
Hamas-Israel Ceasefire Agreement
Introduction
After 15 months of intense conflict, resulting in tens of thousands of deaths, widespread destruction in Gaza, and multiple rounds of complex negotiations, Hamas and Israel have finally agreed to a ceasefire. The war, which began on October 7, 2023, led to severe casualties with over 46,900 deaths in Gaza, most of them civilians, and nearly 2 million people displaced. In Israel, the conflict caused 1,200 deaths and saw 251 individuals taken hostage by Hamas. The ceasefire agreement was achieved through the diplomatic efforts of Egypt, Qatar, and the United States, following a framework proposed by U.S. President Joe Biden and endorsed by the UN Security Council in June 2024.
Key Features of the Hamas-Israel Ceasefire Agreement
Phase 1
- Duration: The truce is set to last for six weeks.
- Hostage Release: Hamas will free 33 captives, and Israel will liberate roughly 1,900 Palestinian detainees.
- Israeli Withdrawal: Israeli troops will retreat from densely populated areas in Gaza.
- Humanitarian Aid: 600 trucks of aid supplies will be permitted to enter Gaza daily.
Phase 2
- Remaining Hostages: Hamas will release the remaining male captives, and Israel will finalize its military withdrawal from Gaza.
- Permanent Negotiations: Both sides will discuss the terms for a permanent cessation of hostilities.
Phase 3
- Rebuilding Gaza: Efforts to reconstruct Gaza will commence.
- Governance Discussions: Talks will be held regarding the administration of Gaza, with potential integration of the Palestinian Authority.
Reasons for the Israel-Palestine Conflict
- Historical Background and Territorial Disputes: The strife is based on opposing nationalist movements, with Jews aiming for a homeland in Palestine (inspired by the Balfour Declaration of 1917) and Palestinians considering the land as inherently theirs. The 1948 formation of Israel led to the displacement of Palestinian Arabs, resulting in enduring territorial conflicts.
- Creation of Israel (1948): The United Nations’ 1947 partition plan suggested splitting Palestine into distinct Jewish and Arab states. This plan was rejected by Arab states and Palestinian leaders, leading to the 1948 Arab-Israeli War when Israel declared independence.
- Occupation of Territories: Post the 1967 Six-Day War, Israel took control of the West Bank, Gaza Strip, and East Jerusalem—territories claimed by Palestinians. Despite various peace initiatives, Israeli settlements and military oversight in these areas have aggravated the conflict, with Palestinians demanding self-governance and an independent state.
- Religious Significance: Jerusalem holds immense religious importance for Jews, Christians, and Muslims. Control over sacred sites, especially the Al-Aqsa Mosque (for Muslims) and the Western Wall (for Jews), heightens religious tensions. Disputes over the status of Jerusalem remain a major sticking point in peace negotiations.
- International Involvement and Peace Processes: Several global entities, including the United States, United Nations, and the European Union, have endeavored to mediate the conflict with initiatives like the Oslo Accords (1993) and the Road Map for Peace (2003).
Key Events in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict
| Year | Event |
| 1949 | Israel signs truces with Arab countries; Gaza Strip under Egypt’s control |
| 1956 | Israel invades Sinai Peninsula and Gaza Strip in response to Egypt’s nationalization of Suez Canal |
| 1957 | Israel withdraws from Egyptian land, retains Gaza Strip and Gulf of Aqaba area |
| 1967 | During Six-Day War, Israel gains control of Gaza Strip and Sinai Peninsula |
| 1987 | Palestinians launch first intifada against Israel |
| 1993 | Arafat signs Oslo Accords with Israel, commits to two-state solution; Hamas suicide bombings |
| 2021 | Israeli police raid Al-Aqsa Mosque, leading to 11-day war between Israel and Hamas |
| 2023 | Recent attacks by Hamas on Israel |
| Jan 2025 | Hamas and Israel agree to a ceasefire |
Implications of the Israel-Hamas Ceasefire
- For Hamas: The truce is viewed as a triumph. With its traditional structure and leadership severely impacted by relentless Israeli military actions, the group needs time and resources for recovery.
- Humanitarian Relief in Gaza: The ceasefire provides a break from the violence, allowing much-needed humanitarian aid to reach the Gaza Strip, where 1.9 million people are displaced. Over 630 trucks carrying food and medical supplies have already entered Gaza, addressing the urgent survival needs of a population facing famine and disease.
- Stability in the Middle East: The ceasefire lowers immediate hostilities between Israel and Hamas, potentially reducing tensions with regional actors like Hezbollah and Iran. It opens the door for diplomatic engagements that could prevent the conflict from escalating into a broader regional war.
- Diplomatic Success for Mediators: Nations such as the United States, Qatar, and Egypt, which brokered the agreement, bolster their roles as key peace mediators in the Middle East. This success could encourage further involvement of international actors in stabilizing the region.
- Political Challenges in Israel: The truce has created political friction within Israel, with Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu facing criticism from far-right coalition members for negotiating with Hamas. His goal of removing Hamas from Gaza through military action remains unfulfilled.
- Reconstruction and Governance of Gaza: The agreement paves the way for discussions on Gaza’s reconstruction, which will require significant international aid. The United Nations Development Programme has indicated that the violence has set Gaza’s development back by 69 years.
- Impact on Global Perception: The ceasefire highlights the humanitarian toll of the conflict, increasing international pressure on both sides to seek a permanent resolution. Allegations of war crimes and civilian casualties have placed Israel under scrutiny, which could affect its global standing and relationships with allies.
Implications of the Hamas-Israel Ceasefire on India
- Energy Security: India imports over 80% of its crude oil, primarily from the Middle East, including nations like Saudi Arabia and Iraq. The ceasefire diminishes the risk of oil price instability due to disruptions in the region.
- Strategic Partnerships: India has a robust defense and technology partnership with Israel, with annual bilateral trade surpassing $10 billion in 2023. The truce aids in maintaining stability, facilitating uninterrupted cooperation in critical areas like agriculture, cybersecurity, and defense technology.
- Two-State Advocacy: Historically, India has supported the two-state solution, advocating for peaceful coexistence between Israel and Palestine. The ceasefire allows India to reaffirm its diplomatic stance, balancing its ties with Israel and its traditional support for the Palestinian cause, as reflected in its consistent voting patterns at the United Nations.
- Geopolitical Standing: India’s emphasis on dialogue and non-alignment resonates on the global stage, offering a platform to mediate or contribute positively to conflict resolution.
- Diaspora Concerns: The safety of the substantial Indian diaspora in the Middle East, exceeding 9 million, is directly tied to regional stability. During the conflict, many Indian workers faced employment and security challenges, especially in Israel and neighboring Gulf countries. The ceasefire alleviates immediate concerns for these workers.
- Trade and Investment Opportunities: The Middle East constitutes nearly 40% of India’s trade, including energy imports and exports of food, pharmaceuticals, and technology. A stable region enhances economic engagement opportunities, particularly with nations like Israel, which has shown interest in investing in India’s innovation and defense sectors.
- Public and Political Sentiment in India: The ceasefire resonates with India’s domestic audience, reflecting its ethos of peace and stability. Political statements during the conflict from the Indian government emphasized humanitarian concerns, maintaining diplomatic balance without alienating any side.
Challenges to Ceasefire Implementation
- Lack of Trust Between Parties: Deep-rooted distrust persists between Israel and Hamas due to prolonged conflict. Hamas suspects Israel’s military withdrawal, fearing re-escalation, while Israel questions Hamas’s dedication to peace, given its history of rearming during ceasefires.
- Absence of Binding Guarantees: The truce lacks concrete assurances for phases beyond the initial agreement. Disputes over prisoner swaps or military withdrawals in later stages could reignite violence.
- Internal Political Instability: Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu faces pressure from far-right coalition members opposing concessions to Hamas. Hamas seeks a role in Gaza’s governance, similar to Hezbollah’s integration into Lebanon’s government post-Taif Agreement (1989).
- Complexities of Governance in Gaza: Unresolved disputes over who will govern Gaza post-ceasefire create challenges. The extensive destruction of infrastructure (over 60% damaged) complicates rebuilding efforts, risking increased tensions.
- Reconstruction of Gaza: According to a UN damage assessment, it may take 21 years and cost up to $1.2 billion to clear the more than 50 million tonnes of rubble left after Israel’s assault.
- Risk of External Interference: Regional actors like Iran and Hezbollah could undermine the ceasefire by supporting factions opposed to peace, potentially leading to proxy conflicts within Gaza.
- Potential Escalation of Minor Incidents: Small-scale skirmishes or violations, such as border clashes or isolated rocket attacks, could disrupt the fragile truce. Similar breakdowns occurred in previous ceasefires due to unresolved conflicts.
- Lack of International Oversight: The absence of a strong monitoring mechanism complicates enforcing compliance by both sides. Without international observers or mediators on the ground, accountability for violations remains limited.
Way Forward for Ensuring the Success of the Ceasefire
- Monitoring Mechanism: Deploy international observers, facilitated by mediators like the U.S., Egypt, and Qatar, to oversee compliance and handle any violations. Regular reports and accountability measures can help build trust between Israel and Hamas.
- Adherence to UNSC Resolution 2334: Ensure strict adherence to UNSC resolution 2334, which addresses Israeli settlements in Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, including East Jerusalem.
- Humanitarian Aid Delivery: Guarantee continuous and large-scale humanitarian assistance to Gaza, focusing on food, medical supplies, and shelter for displaced civilians. Collaborate with international organizations such as the UN and WHO for effective coordination and transparent aid distribution.
- Inclusive Governance Discussions: Promote dialogue to establish a unified Palestinian administration under the Palestinian Authority to govern Gaza. Engage all relevant stakeholders to reduce internal Palestinian divisions and promote stability.
- Phased Implementation of Agreements: Clearly define timelines and mutual responsibilities for subsequent phases of the ceasefire, including hostage exchanges and troop withdrawals. Ensure adherence to these commitments with support from international mediators.
- Reconstruction of Gaza: Mobilize global financial and technical resources to rebuild Gaza’s infrastructure, including homes, schools, and hospitals. Commit to long-term development plans that address economic needs and create job opportunities for Gaza’s population.
- Broader Regional Dialogue: Use the ceasefire as an opportunity to foster dialogue between Israel, Palestine, and other regional actors to address the root causes of conflict. Work towards a two-state solution as a sustainable resolution, supported by international efforts and regional cooperation.
Conclusion
The Israel-Hamas ceasefire offers a vital chance for humanitarian aid and regional stability. However, its success hinges on addressing deep-seated mistrust, navigating political hurdles, and effectively implementing sustainable solutions. Continuous diplomatic initiatives, reinforced by thorough monitoring and reconstruction efforts, are crucial for establishing enduring peace in Gaza and the surrounding area.
Other Related Information
Balfour Declaration
- Letter Composition: Written by Arthur James Balfour, British Foreign Secretary, to Lionel Walter Rothschild, a key figure in the Anglo-Jewish community, on November 2, 1917.
- British Support: The letter expressed Britain’s endorsement for establishing a “national home for the Jewish people” in Palestine.
- Support for Zionist Movement: Zionists, led by Theodor Herzl, pursued a homeland for Jews due to European persecution. Notable Zionists in Britain, like Chaim Weizmann, pushed for British support.
- World War I Context: Britain aimed to gain Jewish backing in Russia and the U.S. to bolster the Allied war efforts.
- Strategic Importance of Palestine: Control over Palestine would allow Britain to secure the Suez Canal and protect its colonial interests, especially in India.
Oslo Accords (1993)
- Declaration of Principles: The Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements was signed between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO).
- Recognition: As part of the peace process, Israel recognized the PLO as the legitimate representative of the Palestinians.
- Renouncement of Terror: In return, the PLO renounced its involvement in terrorist activities.
- Peace Negotiations: Despite initial progress, peace talks collapsed by the end of 2000.
Road Map for Peace (2003)
- Drafting by Quartet: The 2003 Roadmap to Peace was drafted by the Quartet (the US, UN, Russia, and EU).
- Purpose: Aimed at setting clear benchmarks and goals for the Israeli-Palestinian peace process, with the objective of achieving a comprehensive settlement by 2005.
Hamas and Hezbollah
- Hamas: The largest Palestinian militant Islamist group and a significant political entity in the region. It currently governs over 2.3 million Palestinians in the Gaza Strip. However, it is labeled as a terrorist organization by Israel, the United States, the European Union, the United Kingdom, and other countries due to its armed activities.
- Formation: Established in the late 1980s during the first Palestinian intifada (uprising) against Israeli occupation, Hamas originated from the Palestinian Muslim Brotherhood.
- Hezbollah: Known as the “Party of God,” Hezbollah is a Shiite Islamic militant organization based in Lebanon.
Key Places in the Israel-Palestine Conflict
- Al Aqsa Mosque: One of the holiest sites in Islam, referred to by Muslims as Haram al-Sharif (the Noble Sanctuary) and by Jews as the Temple Mount.
- West Bank: A landlocked region in West Asia, incorporating a significant portion of the western Dead Sea.
- Gaza Strip: Situated between Israel and Egypt, the Gaza Strip was occupied by Israel following the 1967 war.
- Golan Heights: A crucial plateau captured by Israel from Syria during the 1967 conflict.
Related PYQ
‘The expansion and strengthening of NATO and a stronger US-Europe strategic partnership works well for India.’ What is your opinion about this statement? Give reasons and examples to support your answer. [UPSC CSE – 2023 Mains]
Practice Question
Discuss the implications of the Hamas-Israel Ceasefire Agreement on India, considering aspects such as energy security, strategic partnerships, and international diplomacy.
Guidelines to Answer the Question
- Introduction:
- Briefly introduce the Hamas-Israel Ceasefire Agreement.
- Mention the importance of the topic in the context of global and regional stability.
- Energy Security:
- Explain how the ceasefire impacts India’s energy security.
- Discuss the significance of stable oil prices and uninterrupted supply from the Middle East.
- Strategic Partnerships:
- Elaborate on India’s strategic partnerships with Israel, including defense and technology.
- Mention bilateral trade and collaboration in various sectors.
- International Diplomacy:
- Discuss India’s stance on the two-state solution and its diplomatic relations with both Israel and Palestine.
- Highlight India’s role in advocating for peace and stability in the Middle East.
- Geopolitical Impact:
- Analyze how the ceasefire affects India’s geopolitical standing and its approach to non-alignment and dialogue.
- Diaspora and Economic Impact:
- Address the impact on the Indian diaspora in the Middle East.
- Discuss trade and investment opportunities resulting from regional stability.
- Conclusion:
- Summarize the key points.
- Emphasize the significance of India’s balanced diplomatic approach in ensuring regional peace and stability.