Syllabus
GS Paper 2 – Welfare Schemes for Vulnerable Sections of the population by the Centre and States and the Performance of these Schemes; Mechanisms, Laws, Institutions and Bodies constituted for the Protection and Betterment of these Vulnerable Sections.
Context
PM launched Pradhan Mantri Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PM PVTG) Mission, a ₹24,000-cr scheme for vulnerable tribal groups’ welfare.
Introduction
- Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) are a subcategory within the Scheduled Tribes in India, identified as being more vulnerable than other tribal groups.
- As per Census 2011, there are a total of 75 PVTGs out of 705 Scheduled Tribes, spread over 17 states and one Union Territory (UT).
- Characteristics of PVTGs:
- Pre-agricultural level of technology
- Low level of literacy
- Economic backwardness
- A declining or stagnant population
Identification of PVTGs:
- In 1973, the Dhebar Commission created Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs) as a separate category, who are less developed among the tribal groups.
- The concept of PVTGs was initiated by the Government of India in 1975 to identify the most vulnerable tribal groups.
- Among the 75 listed PVTG’s the highest number are found in Odisha (13), followed by Andhra Pradesh (12).
Vulnerabilities of PVTGs:
- Geographical Isolation: Many PVTGs inhabit remote and inaccessible areas, limiting their access to basic amenities, education, and healthcare.
- This is leading to hunger/starvation, malnutrition and ill-health and erosion of traditional occupations, which is threatening their very survival.
- Socio-Economic Marginalization: PVTGs often face discrimination and exploitation, leading to low literacy rates, high poverty levels, and limited employment opportunities.
- PVTGs are becoming increasingly vulnerable due to loss of their customary habitats and the livelihood resources which sustained them due to non-recognition of their rights.
- Cultural Erosion: Rapid modernization and external influences threaten PVTGs’ unique cultural traditions, languages, and knowledge systems.
- They often face land alienation due to the appropriation of their land by non-tribal groups.
Threats Faced by PVTGs:
- Deforestation and Resource Extraction: Unsustainable logging, mining, and other resource extraction activities disrupt their traditional livelihoods and ecosystems.
- Displacement: Development projects, such as dams and infrastructure construction, often lead to displacement from their ancestral lands.
- Assimilation Pressures: External influences and assimilation policies can erode their cultural identity and traditional practices.
Anthropological Significance of PVTGs:
- Understanding Human Evolution: Their unique cultural practices and lifestyles provide insights into human evolution and adaptation.
- Cultural Diversity: Their existence highlights the diversity of human cultures and the importance of preserving cultural heritage.
- Linguistic Diversity: Their distinct languages and dialects contribute to India’s rich linguistic landscape.
Contributions of PVTGs to Modern Indian Society:
- PVTGs offer invaluable contributions to modern Indian society through their:
- Indigenous Wisdom: PVTGs possess deep knowledge of medicinal plants, traditional agriculture practices, and sustainable resource management.
- Unique Lifestyles: Their harmonious coexistence with nature and their rich cultural heritage provide valuable lessons for sustainable living.
- Indigenous Contributions- Examples
- Medicinal Knowledge: PVTGs have identified and utilized a vast array of medicinal plants, many of which have found applications in modern medicine.
- Traditional Agriculture: Their sustainable farming practices, such as crop rotation and mixed cropping, contribute to soil health and biodiversity conservation.
- Resource Management: PVTGs have developed traditional methods for managing forests, water resources, and wildlife, promoting ecological balance.
- Historical Contributions:
- Cultural Heritage: Their rich traditions, art forms, and folklore have enriched India’s cultural diversity.
- Economic Contributions: Their participation in traditional crafts, trade, and agriculture has contributed to the nation’s economic growth.
- Resistance Movements: PVTGs have played a crucial role in resisting colonial rule and preserving their lands and cultural heritage.
- Environmental Conservation Contributions:
- Forest Protection: Their deep connection to forests makes them natural guardians of these vital ecosystems.
- Knowledge Sharing: Their indigenous knowledge of flora and fauna contributes to conservation efforts and scientific research.
Government Initiatives for upliftment of PVTGs:
- The Government of India has launched the Pradhan Mantri PVTG Development Mission, to provide basic necessities such as housing, water, roads, telecom, education, and health in areas inhabited by the 75 recognized PVTGs over the next three years.
- The Ministry of Tribal Affairs implements the Scheme of “Development of Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs)” exclusively for them.
- Under the scheme, Conservation-cum-Development (CCD)/Annual Plans are to be prepared by each State/UT for their PVTGs based on their need assessment.
- Prioritising PVTGs under the schemes of Special Central Assistance (SCA) to Tribal Sub-Scheme (TSS), Grants under Article 275 (1) of the Constitution, Grants-in-aid to Voluntary Organisations working for the welfare of Scheduled Tribes and Strengthening of Education among ST Girls in Low Literacy Districts.
Conclusion
The development of Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) in India demands a holistic approach, integrating economic empowerment, education, and healthcare. Addressing their unique needs, preserving cultural identity, and ensuring inclusive policies are essential for sustainable progress, fostering resilience, and uplifting the most marginalized communities in the country.
Must Read: PVTGs
Source: Economic Times
Practice Question
Analyze the problems and hurdles encountered by Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs). Propose supplementary measures to tackle their distinct requirements and enhance their well-being. (Answer in 250 words)