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Nobel Prize in Physics 2024 awarded to John Hopfield and Geoffrey Hinton for contribution to Machine Learning
About Nobel Prize in Physics 2024
- Awardees: John Hopfield and Geoffrey Hinton
- Awarded “for foundational discoveries and inventions that enable machine learning with artificial neural networks”.
- Both used physics-based tools to develop methods that laid the foundation for modern machine learning.
- John Hopfield’s Contribution
- Introduced the concept of associative memory, where a memory is triggered by stimuli.
- Built an artificial neural network using nodes that store values (0 or 1).
- Developed the Hopfield Network, capable of storing patterns and recreating them from incomplete or distorted inputs.
- Geoffrey Hinton’s Contribution
- Expanded on Hopfield’s work using concepts from statistical physics.
- Developed the Boltzmann Machine, which can learn from examples instead of instructions.
- The machine can recognize new data if it belongs to a learned category (e.g., recognizing family resemblance).
About Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
- Vital subset of machine learning: Helps in tasks like strategizing, making predictions, and recognizing trends.
- Computational model: Mimics the function of nerve cells in the human brain, designed to simulate how the brain processes information.
- Learning from experience: Unlike typical machine learning algorithms, ANN learns from repeated tasks and experience of users.
- Neural Network (NN): Also referred to as a Neural Network, it is modelled on the structure and functions of biological neural networks.
- Learning mechanism: The structure of ANN is affected by the input and output it processes, evolving based on the data it receives.
- Data-driven training: Initially, NNs are trained with massive volumes of data, where the input is provided and the expected output is specified.
Source: TH
Previous Year Question
With the present state of development, Artificial Intelligence can effectively do which of the following?
1. Bring down electricity consumption in industrial units
2. Create meaningful short stories and songs
3. Disease diagnosis
4. Text-to-Speech Conversion
5. Wireless transmission of electrical energy
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
[UPSC Civil Services Exam – 2020 Prelims]
(a) 1, 2, 3 and 5 only
(b) 1, 3 and 4 only
(c) 2, 4 and 5 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
Answer: (d)
