Q. Rehabilitation of human settlements is one of the important environmental impacts which always attracts controversy while planning major projects. Discuss the measures suggested from mitigation of this impact while proposing major developmental projects. [250 Words, 15 Marks]
Why the Question?
UPSC PYQ – CSE Mains – 2016
Keywords of the Question
- Rehabilitation of human settlements
- Environmental impacts
- Planning major projects
- Measures suggested from mitigation
Directive Word
Discuss – Essentially this is a written debate where you are using your skill at reasoning, backed up by carefully selected evidence to make a case for and against an argument, or point out the advantages and disadvantages of a given context. Remember to arrive at a conclusion
How to approach this Question?
Introduction
- Define rehabilitation of human settlements.
- Mention its significance in the context of major developmental projects.
- Highlight the controversy it attracts.
Body
- Identify the impacts: Displacement, loss of livelihood, cultural disintegration, etc.
- Mitigation measures:
- Policy Framework: Implementing comprehensive resettlement and rehabilitation policies.
- Community Involvement: Ensuring participation of affected communities in planning and decision-making.
- Compensation: Fair and adequate compensation for land and property.
- Livelihood Restoration: Providing alternative livelihood options and skill development.
- Infrastructure Development: Building necessary infrastructure in new settlements.
- Environmental Safeguards: Ensuring environmental sustainability in new settlements.
- Monitoring and Evaluation: Regular monitoring and evaluation of rehabilitation efforts.
Conclusion
- Summarize the importance of effective rehabilitation measures.
- Emphasize the need for a balanced approach to development and human welfare.
- Suggest a way forward for sustainable and inclusive development.
Note: Please note that the following ‘answers’ are not ‘model answers’ nor are they synopses in the strictest sense. Instead, they are content designed to meet the demands of the question while providing comprehensive coverage of the topic.
Answer Key
Introduction
Rehabilitation of human settlements is a significant environmental and social issue that often leads to controversy during the planning of major developmental projects. This controversy stems from the displacement of communities, loss of livelihoods, and disruption of social and cultural networks. Effective mitigation measures are essential to address these impacts and ensure sustainable development.
Body
Identify the Impacts:
- Displacement: Forced relocation of communities from their ancestral lands can lead to psychological stress and loss of identity.
- Example: The construction of the Sardar Sarovar Dam led to the displacement of thousands of families, causing significant social upheaval.
- Loss of Livelihood: Disruption of traditional occupations and economic activities can result in long-term economic instability.
- Example: The Narmada Valley Project affected the livelihoods of farmers and fishermen who depended on the river for their income.
- Cultural Disintegration: Loss of cultural heritage and social networks can erode community cohesion.
- Example: The displacement caused by the Tehri Dam project led to the loss of cultural sites and traditions of the local communities.
Mitigation Measures:
- Policy Framework:
- Implement comprehensive resettlement and rehabilitation (R&R) policies that are legally binding.
- Ensure policies are inclusive, transparent, and provide clear guidelines for compensation and resettlement.
- Example: The Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 in India provides a legal framework for fair compensation and rehabilitation.
- Community Involvement:
- Engage affected communities in the planning and decision-making process.
- Conduct public hearings and consultations to incorporate community feedback.
- Example: The participatory approach adopted in the Polavaram Project involved local communities in planning resettlement strategies.
- Compensation:
- Provide fair and adequate compensation for land, property, and other assets.
- Ensure compensation is timely and sufficient to cover the costs of relocation and rebuilding.
- Example: The compensation packages offered during the Delhi Metro expansion included market-rate payments for land and property.
- Livelihood Restoration:
- Offer alternative livelihood options and skill development programs.
- Facilitate access to credit and financial assistance for starting new businesses.
- Example: The Tata Steel project in Kalinganagar included skill development programs for displaced persons to help them find new employment opportunities.
- Infrastructure Development:
- Develop necessary infrastructure in new settlements, including housing, schools, healthcare facilities, and roads.
- Ensure basic amenities such as water supply, sanitation, and electricity are available.
- Example: The rehabilitation efforts for the Bhakra Nangal Dam included the development of new townships with all essential amenities.
- Environmental Safeguards:
- Implement measures to ensure environmental sustainability in new settlements.
- Conduct environmental impact assessments (EIA) and adopt eco-friendly practices.
- Example: The environmental safeguards in the Lavasa project included green building practices and sustainable water management systems.
- Monitoring and Evaluation:
- Establish mechanisms for regular monitoring and evaluation of rehabilitation efforts.
- Set up grievance redressal systems to address issues faced by relocated communities.
- Example: The monitoring framework for the Mumbai Urban Transport Project included regular assessments and feedback mechanisms to ensure effective rehabilitation.
Conclusion
Effective rehabilitation of human settlements is crucial for balancing developmental goals with human welfare. By implementing comprehensive and inclusive mitigation measures, it is possible to minimize the adverse impacts of displacement and ensure sustainable and inclusive development. A balanced approach that prioritizes both development and the well-being of affected communities is essential for achieving long-term success. This approach not only addresses immediate concerns but also fosters a more resilient and equitable society.
Mind Map
